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Urban congestion charging primarily targets personal car use encouraging a shift towards public and other lower carbon intensive transport. Evidence from the London Congestion Charge indicates that mode switching was induced with reductions in car and freight in the charging zone. According to Transport for London (TfL, 2003) traffic in the central zone has reduced by 16%. Total car travel has declined by 30% whereas motorcycle, taxi, bus, and cycle traffic have all increased. It is estimated that the number of car trips into the charging zone has fallen by 150,000 per day, of which 10–20% are displaced through trips, 50–70% have shifted to public transport, and 20–30% went elsewhere (i.e. used other modes, travelled at other times or chose alternative destinations) (Anable and Bristow, 2007; Quddus et al., 2007).
